loading...
1945 - A Europe destroyed by war:
In 1945, a person standing almost anywhere in Europe would have found himself in a nation which was, or had until recently, been ruled by a brutal regime. Tens of millions of Europeans were dead as a result of World War 2. Hundreds of millions of the survivors were homeless, hungry or jobless. Europe’s economy lay in ruins. Those grim days are becoming almost beyond living memory as the generation principally involved passes away. Britain and its "Empire" (as it was then known) along with all its other allies had fought with extreme valour to prevent what Winston Churchill had called "a new dark age" and in those difficult times there was at least the opportunity to build political and other institutions so as to secure a brighter and better future for the peoples of Europe. Those who had lived through two world wars had the vision of founding a Europe of peace based on the values of human rights, democracy and the rule of law.
The path to a better future:
From the rubble and carnage of the war years, the United Nations (UN) was formed in 1945 to replace the ineffective League of Nations. In 1948, the UN adopted a Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
The Council of Europe (COE) was founded in 1949 and the European Convention on Human Rights was drafted in 1950 and came into force from 3 September 1953. It now has 47 member states.
Also in 1949 the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) came into being with the purpose of safeguarding the freedom and security of its members through political and military means. NATO has 28 member states including Canada and the United States.
On the economic front, the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) was created in 1950 and the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1957. The EEC was created by the Treaty of Rome and there were six original members: Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, The Netherlands and West Germany. A further community was Euratom, also founded in 1957. The United Kingdom joined the EEC from 1st January 1973. Please see this useful background material to the creation of the EEC and the entry of the UK. Since 2013, the EU has 28 member states.
EU Development:
The development of the EU may be seen via the European Parliament website. In addition to the present 28 Members States there are various territories with particular links to the EU. The latter includes Greenland which acceded to the EU in 1973 (as part of Denmark) but left in 1985. It is likely that the EU will expand further - e.g. Turkey is an important applicant - see EU Enlargement.
The Treaties:
All of these organisations exist by virtue of Treaties which are essentially agreements between Nations and which are binding on those States so far as international law is concerned. Obviously, by signing ANY treaty, each signatory State has restricted its own freedom of action since the common purpose of the Treaty is for States to come together to achieve stated goals. It is, in my opinion, quite wrong to refer to such restriction as loss of sovereignty since the signatory States retain their individual sovereignty including the right to withdraw from treaties. Nevertheless, it has to be accepted that Member States have, by acceding to the EU, accepted some major restrictions upon the freedom to act that they would otherwise have had.
For a very good analysis of Sovereignty in relation to the UK Parliament at Westminster see Carl Gardner's Head of Legal blog 23rd February 2016 - What is Parliamentary sovereignty anyway? Mr Gardner states - "Parliament can repeal the 1972 Act, with the result that EU law no longer applies in this country; or change its effect and reject a single EU law that it doesn’t like. If this were done while we were still in the EU, there’d no doubt be legal consequences in the European Court of Justice. But inside our own legal system, Parliament’s word would be law."
Treaties and the United Kingdom:
The domestic (internal) law within the United Kingdom requires that, before any treaty can have effect in domestic law, it must be approved by Parliament. For this reason the UK Parliament enacted the European Communities Act 1972 to give effect in our law to the EEC Treaties.
Since 1973, the European Union (EU) has emerged via several further treaties, the last being the Treaty of Lisbon 2009. All the Treaties are set out on this helpful website BUT consolidated Treaties are also available: Treaty on European Union and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union
As the UK acceded to further Treaties, Parliament enacted appropriate legislation to give effect to them in our law - e.g. European Communities Act 1993 giving effect to the Treaty of Maastricht (the Treaty on European Union). Within the UK Parliament there was often a great deal of political turmoil over such legislation but its enactment was always achieved.
The political question:
The EU is thoroughly disliked by many and others are vehemently keen for the UK to remain part of the EU but to seek reforms. There is to be an IN or OUT referendum on 23rd June. The difficulty is securing reforms as the Prime Minister discovered recently and as discussed in my previous post of 20th February - Brexit - Referendum - a few points.
The decision whether to vote to remain or to leave is perhaps THE most crucial decision the electorate have ever been asked to make. I believe that it is vital that people make an INFORMED decision about what is, essentially, a major political question. The decision will have major impact on our lives and those of our children and later generations.
Our legal relationship with "Europe" is complex and full of intricate detail. This post has just looked at why the EU originally emerged and the essential foundation stones. Over the next few weeks I hope to write some more on this subject and hope that it informs the debate at least in some small way. My next post on this topic will look at the Treaties relating to the EU.
Some Links of interest:
TIMELINE 1945 - 2009
Churchill 18th June 1940 - Speech to the House of Commons
Historiasiglio20.org - The History of the EU
University of Portsmouth - European Studies Hub - The Treaties of Rome
Parliament - World War 2 to the Treaty of Rome
Quan trắc môi trường, quan trắc môi trường định kỳ, dịch vụ quan trắc môi trường, phân tích mẫu môi trường, phòng thí nghiệm môi trường, công ty môi trường uy tín, dịch vụ môi trường Hà Nội, lập báo cáo đánh giá tác động môi trường, ĐTM, tư vấn môi trường, hồ sơ môi trường doanh nghiệp, xin giấy phép môi trường, lập báo cáo ĐTM, lập kế hoạch bảo vệ môi trường, đăng ký sổ chủ nguồn thải, báo cáo công tác bảo vệ môi trường, hồ sơ cấp phép xả thải, giấy phép môi trường, hồ sơ môi trường cho nhà máy sản xuất, tư vấn thủ tục môi trường, phân tích nước thải, khí thải, bụi, lấy mẫu quan trắc nước thải, lấy mẫu khí thải ống khói, đo đạc môi trường lao động, đo tiếng ồn, độ rung, ánh sáng, đo vi khí hậu nơi làm việc, dịch vụ môi trường cho nhà máy, hồ sơ môi trường cho cơ sở sản xuất, báo cáo môi trường cho khu công nghiệp, hồ sơ môi trường cho trạm xăng, nhà hàng, khách sạn, quan trắc môi trường Hà Nội, tư vấn môi trường Hà Nội, công ty môi trường tại Hà Nội, lập hồ sơ môi trường Bắc Ninh, lập hồ sơ môi trường Hưng Yên, lập hồ sơ môi trường Hải Phòng, dịch vụ môi trường Hưng Yên,dịch vụ môi trường Hà Nội,dịch vụ môi trường Bắc Ninh,dịch vụ môi trường Phú Thọ,quan trắc môi trường định kỳ, dịch vụ quan trắc môi trường, quan trắc nước thải, khí thải, không khí, phân tích mẫu nước, mẫu đất, khí thải, đo môi trường lao động, tiếng ồn, vi khí hậu, lập hồ sơ môi trường doanh nghiệp, tư vấn lập báo cáo ĐTM, kế hoạch bảo vệ môi trường, đề án bảo vệ môi trường đơn giản, báo cáo công tác bảo vệ môi trường, xin giấy phép môi trường, giấy phép xả thải, sổ đăng ký chủ nguồn thải, giấy phép khai thác nước ngầm, cấp phép xử lý chất thải nguy hại, tư vấn môi trường trọn gói, tư vấn hồ sơ môi trường nhà máy, dịch vụ môi trường cho khu công nghiệp, tư vấn pháp lý môi trườn, đo tiếng ồn nơi làm việc, đo độ rung, ánh sáng, bụi, khí độc, đo vi khí hậu, hơi khí độc, nhiệt độ, đánh giá điều kiện lao động, báo cáo ĐTM là gì, thủ tục xin giấy phép môi trường, chi phí quan trắc môi trường bao nhiêu, quy trình quan trắc môi trường định kỳ, hồ sơ môi trường doanh nghiệp gồm những gì, thời gian thực hiện hồ sơ môi trường, quy định mới về bảo vệ môi trường, mẫu báo cáo quan trắc định kỳ, quan trắc môi trường , quan trắc môi trường định kỳ , phân tích mẫu nước , phân tích mẫu khí thải , đo môi trường lao động , đo tiếng ồn , đo bụi , đo vi khí hậu , lấy mẫu nước thải , đo ánh sáng , quan trắc khí thải ống khói , đo hơi khí độc , đo vi sinh trong không khí, báo cáo ĐTM , kế hoạch bảo vệ môi trường , đề án bảo vệ môi trường , hồ sơ môi trường doanh nghiệp , hồ sơ môi trường nhà máy , báo cáo công tác bảo vệ môi trường , báo cáo quản lý chất thải , hồ sơ xả thải, xin giấy phép môi trường , giấy phép xả thải , đăng ký sổ chủ nguồn thải , giấy phép khai thác nước ngầm , giấy phép xử lý chất thải nguy hại , hồ sơ cấp phép môi trường,
_________________
0 comments Blogger 0 Facebook
Post a Comment